Development of Polio Vaccines

Word meanings 

outbreak : sudden occurrence (ବ୍ୟାପିବା)

plagued : caused trouble for a period of time (କିଛି ସମୟ ପାଇଁ ଅସୁବିଧା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିଥିଲା )

poliomyelitis : polio virus (ପୋଲି ଓ ଭୂତାଣୁ )

taking a cold swim : ଥଣ୍ଡା ପାଣିରେ ପହଁରିବା

relief : ଆରାମ

swimsuit : ସନ୍ତରଣ ପୋଷାକ

strike : deliver a blow (ଆଘାତ ଦେବା )

vinis : ଭୂତାଣୁ

incubate : hatch (ଅଣ୍ଡା ଫୁଟାଇବା )

a symptomatic: In medicine, a disease is considered asymptomatic if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.

symptoms : ରୋଗର ଲକ୍ଷଣ 

stage : condition (ଅବସ୍ଥା )

infected: ସଂକ୍ରମିତ

droplets: a very small drop of a liquid (ବୁନ୍ଦା)

antibodies : antibodies (1g) are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as

bacteria and viruses.

unlucky : ଭାଗ୍ୟହୀନ

permanently : ସବୁଦିନ ପାଇଁ

paralyzed : ଅଚଳ ହୋଇଗଲା

spinal cord : ମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡସ୍ଥ ସ୍ନାୟୁ ସଂସ୍ଥାନ

multiplies : increases (ବଢ଼ିଯାଏ)

nerves : ସ୍ନାୟୁ

affected : ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହେଲା

pain : ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା

stiff : unable to move easily (ଅଚଳ)

lungs : ଶ୍ଵାସନଳୀ

breathe : ନିଃଶ୍ଵାସ ନେବା

physical therapy: ଶାରୀରିକ ଚିକିତ୍ସା

recover : cure (ଭଲ ହୋଇଯିବା)

varies : changes (ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ)

determined : keen (ଦୃଢ଼ସଂକଳ୍ପ କରିଥିଲେ)

let : allow (ଅନୁମତି ଦେବା)

major : ବଡ଼

get the best of : conquer (ଜୟ କର )

illustrious : famous and much admired (ବିଖ୍ୟାତ ଓ ପ୍ରଶଂସିତ)

political career : ରାଜନୈତିକ ଜୀବନ

long term : ଦୀର୍ଘଦିନ

spearhead (h) : lead an attack (ନେତୃତ୍ୱ ନେବା)

fight : ଯୁଦ୍ଧ କର

public awareness : ଜନସଚେତନତା

deadly : ପ୍ରାଣଘାତୀ

promoting : ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା

research : ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା

devastated : destroyed completely (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ ନଷ୍ଟ

population : ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା

plague : ମହାମାରୀ

influenza : ବ୍ୟାପକ ସର୍ଦ୍ଦି

contagious disease : disease that spreads by people touching each other (ସଂକ୍ରାମକ ବ୍ୟାଧ୍)

terrifying : ଭୟଙ୍କର

in spite of : ସତ୍ତ୍ବେ

advance : ପ୍ରଗତି

century : hundred years (ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ)

basic : ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ

tremendously : ବହୁଳ ପରିମାଣରେ

civilization : ସଭ୍ୟତା

instead of : ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ

vulnerable : easily hurt physically (ସହଜରେ ସଂକ୍ରମିତ ହେବା / ସହଜରେ ପ୍ରଭାବିତ ହେବା)

heartbreaking : ହୃଦୟବିଦାରକ

crutches : ଆଶାବାଡ଼ି

lacking : want (ଅଭାବ)

panicked : ଭୟଭୀତ ହୋଇଗଲେ

cumbersome : large and heavy (ବଡ଼ ଓ ଭାରୀ )

quite : ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ

strain : a distinct breed (ଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର )

stable : ସ୍ଥିର

enterovirus : viruses that cause gastro-intestinal illness (ପରିପାକ ଓ ଅନ୍ତନଳୀ ଜନିତ ଅସୁସ୍ଥତା ସୃଷ୍ଟିକାରୀ ଭୂତାଣୁ)

RNA : Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is one of the three major macromolecules (along with DNA and proteins) essential for all known forms of life. (ରାଇବୋନ୍ୟୁକ୍ଲିକ୍ ଏସିଡ୍)

effective : ଫଳପ୍ରଦ

ironically : ବିଡମ୍ବନାର ବିଷୟ

sanitation condition : ପରିମଳ ଅବସ୍ଥା

effort : ପ୍ରଚେଷ୍ଟା

sewage : ନର୍ଦ୍ଦମାର ମଇଳା

primitive : ପୁରୁଣାକାଳିଆ

infant : ଶିଶୁ

consequently : ଫଳସ୍ୱରୂପ

later : ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ

childhood : ବାଲ୍ୟକାଳ

adulthood : ବାଲ୍ୟାବସ୍ଥା

painstaking : ଆୟସସାଧ୍ୟ

funded : ଆର୍ଥିକ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ଯୋଗାଇ

March of Dimes: a Foundation in the United States that works to improve the health of mothers and babies. ft was originally founded by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938 to

combat polio. (ମା’ ଓ ଶିଶୁମାନଙ୍ଗ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାର ଉନ୍ନତି କଳ୍ପେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରୁଥିବା ଏକ ଆମେରିକୀୟ ସଂସ୍ଥା)

grassroot : basic level (ତୃଣମୂଳ / ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ସ୍ତର )

enlist : (here) utilise

respected : ସମ୍ମାନୀୟ

safe : ନିରାପଦ

immunology: the scientific study of protection against disease (ରୋଗ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧ
cell culture: Cell culture is the complex process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. ପୋଷଣ )
massive: ବହୁଳ ଭାବରେ
unprecedented : ଅଭୂତପୂର୍ବ
spectacularly : ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ ଭାବରେ
oral form of vaccine: ପାଟିରେ ଖିଆଯାଉଥ‌ିବା
Albert Bruce Sabin : Albert Bruce Sabin (1906-1993) was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.
intramuscular injections : medicinal doses injected into the muscle
booster : a second dose of medicine given w strengthen the earlier dose (ଶକ୍ତିବର୍ଦ୍ଧକ ଔଷଧ)
endemic region : intected area (ସଂକ୍ରମିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ)
long-lasting : ଦୀର୍ଘସ୍ଥାୟୀ
reinfection : ପୁନଃସଂକ୍ରମଣ
digestive tract : ପରିପାକ ତନ୍ତ୍ର
administering : ଦେବା
sterile syringes : disinfccted injection syringes
disadvantage : demerit (ଅପକାର)
contact : ସଂସର୍ଗ
transniincd : ସ୍ଥାନାନ୍ତରିତ ହୋଇଯିବା
immunocompromised: a body that does not have good immunity, the ability to defend against illness (ଦୁର୍ବଳ ପ୍ରତିରୋଧକ କ୍ଷମତାସମ୍ପନ୍ନ )
relative : ଆପେକ୍ଷିକ
safety : ନିରାପଦ
cost : ମୂଲ୍ୟ

debate : ବିତର୍କ

alternative : ବିକଳ୍ପ

currently : at present (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ୍)

preferred : ପସନ୍ଦ କରାଯାଇଛି

induce : produce (ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରେ)

exciting. : causing eagerness (ଆଗ୍ରହ ସୃଷ୍ଟିକାରୀ)

recombinant biotechiogy : an advanced process of vaccine production (ପ୍ରତିଷେଧକ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତିର ଉନ୍ନତ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା)

genetic cloning: the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occur in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects, or plants reproduce asexually. (ଜିନୀୟ ପ୍ରତିରୂପ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା)

synthesis: a combination of components to form a connected whole (ସଂଶ୍ଳେଷଣ )

excluding: ବାଦ୍ ଦେଇ

content: ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ

rare: ବିରଳ

likely : possibly (ସମ୍ଭବତ)

its footsteps: the complete eradication of polio would follow the complete extinction of small-pox (ଏହାର ପଦଚିହ୍ନ)